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The assertion is correct: besides the "Article III courts" (the Supreme Court, Courts of Appeals, and federal district courts), other federal adjudicative bodies, known as "Article I tribunals" or legislative courts, exist and perform judicial functions under Congressional power, such as the Court of International Trade and the Federal Merit Systems Protection Board. These tribunals differ from Article III courts in their personnel, purpose, and powers, with judges not holding lifetime appointments.  
Article III Courts
  • Definition: 
    These are the federal courts established by the Constitution's Article III, including the Supreme Court and the "inferior" federal courts like the Courts of Appeals and district courts. 
  • Judicial Power: 
    They are vested with the "judicial power of the United States". 
  • Appointment and Tenure: 
    Judges are nominated by the President, confirmed by the Senate, and hold their offices for life ("during good behavior"), ensuring independence from political influence. 
  • Jurisdiction: 
    They hear cases involving the Constitution, federal laws, treaties, and certain types of disputes between states or citizens of different states. 
"Other Judicial Courts" / Article I Tribunals
  • Definition: 
    These are federal adjudicative bodies established by Congress under its powers granted by Article I of the Constitution, which gives Congress the power to "constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court". 
  • Purpose: 
    They handle specific types of cases, often related to areas where Congress has regulatory authority, such as international trade or administrative matters. 
  • Personnel and Tenure: 
    Unlike Article III judges, the judges or hearing officers in these tribunals do not have lifetime appointments. 
  • Examples: 
    The Court of International Trade, the Federal Merit System Protection Board, and courts created to handle matters of the Patent Office are examples of tribunals not established under Article III. 
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The National Constitution Center
https://constitutioncenter.org
Article III - Judicial Branch
Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time ...
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Library of Congress – Constitution Annotated (.gov)
https://constitution.congress.gov
U.S. Constitution - Article III | Library of Congress
Section 1. The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ...
United States Courts (.gov)
https://www.uscourts.gov
About the Supreme Court
Article III, Section I states that "The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress ...
scholarship.law.edu
https://scholarship.law.edu
PDF
Federal Courts: Article I, II, III, and IV Adjudication
by LK Donohue2022Cited by 14 — 10. It recognizes numerous specialized Article III courts that are no longer in existence and acknowledges that all Article III, Section 1 ...
The National Constitution Center
https://constitutioncenter.org
Interpretation: Article III, Section One
Article III of the Constitution establishes and empowers the judicial branch of the national government.
Legal Information Institute
https://www.law.cornell.edu
Legislative Courts Adjudicating Public Rights | US Law
Article III, Section 1: The judicial Power of the United States, shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from ...
The Judicial Learning Center
https://judiciallearningcenter.org
What Does Article III Say?
Section 1. The Judicial Power of the United States shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferior Courts as the Congress may from time to time ...
EPIC – Electronic Privacy Information Center
https://epic.org
Article III Standing
Article III of the U.S. Constitution provides that federal courts have jurisdiction over “Cases” and “Controversies” arising under federal law.
United States Courts (.gov)
https://www.uscourts.gov
Court Role and Structure
Article III of the U.S. Constitution establishes the judicial branch as one of the three separate and distinct branches of the federal government. These three ...
Congress.gov
https://www.congress.gov
Congressional Power to Create Federal Courts: A Legal ...
Jun 1, 2015 — The U.S. Constitution established only one federal court—the U.S. Supreme Court. Beyond this, Article III of the Constitution left it to the ...
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